Protocols for High-Risk Pregnancies: An Evidence-Based Approach

Through seven editions, Protocols for High-Risk Pregnancies has helped busy obstetricians keep pace with a constantly evolving field. Providing just-in-time content, its focus on protocols and guidelines helps organize medical thinking, avoid heuristic errors of omission and commission, and optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.

As with the prior six editions, the editors have once again assembled some of the world’s top obstetrical and medical experts. This seventh edition has also been expanded to include a number of new topics, including:

• Protocols on opioid use, misuse and addition in pregnancy and postpartum
• Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidy
• Periconceptual genetic screening
• Expanded protocols on maternal valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies
• Protocols on arboviruses, including Zika and malaria

Protocols for High-Risk Pregnancies: An Evidence-Based Approach will be an essential reference for obstetricians, medical students, general practitioners and all medical professionals who are seeking the most up-to-date information and guidance on high-risk pregnancies.

About the Editors

JOHN T. QUEENAN, MD, Professor and Chairman Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.

CATHERINE Y. SPONG, MD, is a Professor and Vice Chair in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. She also serves as Chief of the Department’s Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine.

CHARLES J. LOCKWOOD, MD, MHCM, is Senior Vice President of USF Health, Dean of Morsani College of Medicine and a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Public Health at the University of South Florida in Tampa, FL, USA.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ix

List of Contributors xi

Part 1 Concerns in Pregnancy

1 Alcohol Use in Pregnancy and Lactation 3
Ruta M. Nonacs

2 Smoking, Vaping, and Nicotine Exposure 9
John Byrne and George Saade

3 Opioid Use, Misuse, and Addiction in Pregnancy and Postpartum 15
Mishka Terplan

4 Depression 21
Kimberly Yonkers

Part 2 Antenatal Testing

5 Prenatal Testing for Chromosomal Abnormalities 29
Mary E. Norton

6 Fetal Echocardiography 41
Joshua A. Copel

7 Clinical Use of Doppler 49
Henry L. Galan

8 Antepartum Testing 61
Michael P. Nageotte

9 Fetal Blood Sampling and Transfusion 69
Patricia Santiago‐Munoz

10 Preconception Genetic Screening 77
Lauren Sayres and Jeffrey A. Kuller

Part 3 Maternal Disease

11 Maternal Anemia 89
Elaine Duryea

12 Hemoglobinopathies in Pregnancy 97
Bradley Sipe and Judette Louis

13 Fetal and Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia 105
Russell Miller and Richard Berkowitz

14 Rheumatological Disorders 113
Lisa R. Sammaritano and Bonnie L. Bermas

15 Antiphospholipid Syndrome 125
Robert M. Silver

16 Inherited Thrombophilias 131
Andra H. James and Jerome J. Federspiel

17 Valvular Heart Disease in Pregnancy 141
Blake Zwerling and Afshan B. Hameed

18 Peripartum Cardiomyopathy 165
Sarah Rae Easter and Carolyn M. Zelop

19 Thromboembolism 181
Michael J. Paidas

20 Renal Disease 201
Shivani Patel

21 Obesity 209
Patrick S. Ramsey

22 Diabetes Mellitus 219
Mark B. Landon and Steven G. Gabbe

23 Thyroid Disorders 231
Elizabeth O. Buschur and Stephen F. Thung

24 Hepatitis in Pregnancy 241
Andrew Myers, Asa Oxner, John Sinnott, and Christian Brechot

25 Asthma 253
Michael Schatz

26 Epilepsy 263
Thomas McElrath

27 Chronic Hypertension 273
Michal Fishel Bartal and Baha M. Sibai

28 Cytomegalovirus, Genital Herpes, Rubella, and Toxoplasmosis 285
Kerry E. Drury and Brenna L. Hughes

29 Syphilis 293
Emily H. Adhikari

30 Vector‐Borne Diseases in Pregnancy: Zika, West Nile, and Chagas Disease 301
Karin Nielsen‐Saines and Tara Kerin

31 Influenza 317
Amanda C. Zofkie and Vanessa Rogers

32 Malaria 323
Blair J. Wylie

33 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 333
Emily H. Adhikari

34 Parvovirus B19 343
Kathy C. Matthews, Emilie L. Vander Haar, and Laura E. Riley

35 Group B Streptococcus 351
Caitlin A. MacGregor, and Mara J. Dinsmoor

36 Biliary, Liver, and Pancreatic Disease 361
Vic Velanovich, Elizabeth Hoover, and Stephanie Ros

Part 4 Obstetric Problems

37 Cervical Insufficiency 375
Rupsa C. Boelig and Vincenzo Berghella

38 Nausea and Vomiting 387
Jared T. Roeckner and Haywood L. Brown

39 Fetal Death and Stillbirth 397
Alexander M. Saucedo and Robert M. Silver

40 Abnormal Amniotic Fluid Volume 407
Christina M. Ackerman, Thomas R. Moore, and Heather S. Lipkind

41 Fetal Growth Restriction 421
Jodi S. Dashe and Anne M. Ambia

42 Rh and Other Blood Group Alloimmunizations 431
Kenneth J. Moise Jr

43 Preterm Labor 443
Hyagriv N. Simhan

44 Prevention of Preterm Birth 449
Anna King and Sarah J.E. Stock

45 Premature Rupture of the Membranes 461
Brian M. Mercer

46 Indicated Late‐Preterm and Early‐Term Deliveries 475
Catherine Y. Spong

47 Chorioamnionitis 481
Catalin S. Buhimschi and Irina A. Buhimschi

48 Third‐Trimester Bleeding 493
Ilina D. Pluym and Christina S. Han

49 Amniotic Fluid Embolism 507
Irene A. Stafford and Michael A. Belfort

50 Preeclampsia 517
Michal Fishel Bartal and Baha M. Sibai

Part 5 Labor and Delivery

51 Elective Induction of Labor 531
Rachel G. Sinkey

52 Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring 539
David A. Miller

53 Breech Delivery 555
G. Justus Hofmeyr, and Mercy‐Nkuba Nassali

54 Vaginal Birth After Cesarean 563
James R. Scott

55 Placenta Accreta Spectrum 571
Robert M. Silver and Deirdre J. Lyell

56 Shoulder Dystocia 581
George A. Macones and Robert B. Gherman

57 Twins, Triplets, and Beyond 587
Mary E. D’Alton

58 Postpartum Hemorrhage 601
David B. Nelson

Appendix A: Evaluation of Fetal Health and Defects 613
Lynn L. Simpson

Index 629